El paciente ortodóncico en dentición mixta y los trastornos del sueño / The orthodontic patient with mixed dentition and sleep disorders

Los desórdenes respiratorios del sueño (DRS) y, principalmente, roncopatías y apneas obstructivas afectan aproximadamente al 7% de los pacientes ortodóncicos. Los DRS no solo son importantes por la cantidad de pacientes afectados, sino por la gravedad de los posibles efectos secundarios a nivel de la salud general del paciente. La obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores (VAS) provoca alteraciones del crecimiento y deformaciones craneofaciales importantes, por lo que el tratamiento temprano y la prevención de la respiración oral es muy importante.El papel del ortodoncista es muy importante en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento de los DRS, pero también en su prevención, realizando tratamientos que aumenten la dimensión y la permeabilidad de las VAS. El protocolo de exploración interdisciplinar en niños y adolescentes y la cefalometría de vías aéreas son importantes en el diagnóstico y deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el plan de tratamiento. Pero las pruebas más significativas, el CBCT de vías aéreas y la polisomnografía no son pruebas rutinarias por la dificultad logística y el precio de estas pruebas. En este artículo también se recomiendan los tratamientos de ortodoncia más indicados en estos casos y que tienden al aumento de la dimensión de las VAS (AU)

Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) and in the first place, roncopathy and obstructive apnea, affect approximately 7% of orthodontic patients. The SBD are not only important for the number of affected patients, but also for the severity of the possible side effects at the level of general health of a patient. The upper air ways (UAW) obstruction provokes important alterations in growth and craniofacial deformations, and this is why the early treatment and prevention of mouth breathing are very important. The role of an orthodontist in diagnosis and treatment of SBD is very important, but it is also in its prevention, carrying out the treatments which increase the dimension and permeability of UAW. The protocol of interdisciplinary examination.In children and adolescents and the air ways cephalometry analysis have an important role in diagnosis and they should be taken into account in treatment planning. But the most important tests, the air ways CBCT and polysomnography, are not routine tests due to the complicated logistics and their cost. In this article, the orthodontic treatments most indicated in these cases are recommended, because they tend to increase the UAW dimension (AU)

Tratamento com aparelho intra-oral da síndrome obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS): relato de caso / Treatment with intra-oral appliance of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS): case report

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o tratamento com o uso de aparelhos intra- orais para a síndrome de apneia e hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono e relatar o caso de um paciente portador da síndrome em estágio moderado. O presente caso clínico trata-se de um paciente de 37 anos de idade, portador de síndrome de apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) moderada, diagnosticada por um exame de polissonografia, que se apresentou com os seguintes sintomas: sonolência e cansaço diurno, possuía apneias durante o sono, além de reportar que sofria de bruxismo e ronco, segundo ele, tudo referido por sua cônjuge. A modalidade de tratamento utilizada foi o aparelho intrabucal, do tipo protrusor mandibular, o qual é um tratamento não invasivo indicado a princípio nos casos de ronco primário e nessa síndrome de grau leve e moderado. O tratamento realizado foi eficaz na melhora da sintomatologia, desobstruindo a passagem de ar nas vias aéreas superiores, permitindo melhor ventilação do paciente e controlando os efeitos colaterais e secundários da síndrome. Os resultados da polissonografia com a utilização do aparelho intra-oral, foi alvo de discussão relatada neste trabalho(AU)

The objective of this study was to analyze the treatment with the use of intra-oral devices for sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome Obstructive sleep and report the case of a patient with the syndrome in the moderate stage. The present case it is of a white, 37-year-old boy with an apnea-hypopnea syndrome moderate obstructive sleep, who presented with the following symptoms: sleepiness and daytime tiredness, had sleep apneas, and informed us that suffered from bruxism and snoring. The treatment modality used was the intraoral appliance, which is a non-invasive treatment used for this syndrome of mild to moderate. Final Thoughts: The treatment was effective in improving symptoms, clearing the air passage in the upper airway, allowing better ventilation of the patient and controlling side effects and secondary syndrome. However polissonografy results was object of discussion in the paper(AU)

Apnea en niños: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Apnea in children: diagnosis and treatment

El síndrome de apnea-hipoapnea del sueño en niños es una patología de alta prevalencia en la población infantil. Afecta entre el 2-4 por ciento de los niños de edades entre 2 a 6 años. La comorbilidad asociada determina serias consecuencias fisiológicas entre las que se encuentran: alteraciones cardiovasculares, neuroconductuales, neurocognitivas y anomalías en elcrecimiento. Las alteraciones bucocraneofaciales y de la oclusión asociadas a este síndrome son significativas. El rol del odontólogo /odontopediatra/ortodoncista es importante para realizar un diagnóstico y un tratamiento precoz de la oclusión e integrarse al equipo de salud. En este artículo pretendemos participar a los colegas odontólogos, odontopediatras y ortodoncistas deuna visión actualizada de la apnea infantil.

Sleep apnea-hypoapnea syndrome in childrenis a pathology with a high prevalence in children, affecting 2-4% of children aged 2-6 years.The associated comorbidity determines serious physiological consequences among whichthey are: cardiovascular, neuroconductual, neurocognitive alterations and growth anomalies.The bucco-cranial and occlusion alterations associated with this syndrome are significant. Therole of the dentist-odontopediatrician-orthodontistis important to perform a diagnosis and early treatment of the occlusion and integrate to the health team.In this article, we intend to involve our dental colleagues, odontopediatricians and orthodontists with anup-to-date view of childhood apnea.

Obesidad y sueño / Obesity and sleep

The progress of the obesity epidemic in children and adolescents and its close relationship with sleep and their comorbidities are a reason for growing concern. In this articule we review the epidemiology, prenantal, and postnatal risk factors of obesity, and associated comorbidities, such as: metabolic syndrome; chronic pro-inflammatory state and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), with the involved pathophysiological mechanisms. We also analyze the links between obesity and SDB, the consequences of this association, in terms of enhancing the damage to physical and psychological health and the main therapeutic available measures

El avance de la epidemia de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes, su estrecha relación con el sueño y sus comorbilidades son motivo de una preocupación creciente. En este artículo revisaremos la epidemiología y factores de riesgo prenatales y postnatales de la obesidad. y las comorbilidades asociadas, tales como: síndrome metabólico, estado pro-inflamatorio crónico y trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS), con los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados. También analizaremod las interconexiones entre la obesidad y los TRS, las consecuencias de esta asociación, en cuanto a potenciarel daño a la salud física y psicológica y las principales medidad terapéuticas disponibles

Factores morfogenéticos del síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño en niños / Morphogenetic factors of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children / Fatores morfogenéticos da síndrome de apnéia obstrutiva do sonoem crianças

En la expresión del síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño están involucrados múltiples genes que interaccionan a su vez con múltiples factores ambientales. Los genes candidatos para este síndrome son diferentes según los diversos grupos étnicos e incluyen fundamentalmente genes que participan en la distribución de la grasa corporal, en la anatomía cráneo-facial y de la vía aérea y en el control ventilatorio. Describimos los factores genéticos que influyen en la predisposición al síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño en niños.

Multiple genes that interact with multiple environmental factors are involved in the expression of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Candidate genes for this syndrome vary according to ethnicity and major genes include those related to the distribution of body fat, the craniofacial´s andairway´s anatomy and the ventilatory control. We describe genetic factors that influence susceptibility to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children.

Vários genes que interagem com múltiplos fatores ambientais estão envolvidos na expressão da síndrome de apnéia obstrutiva do sono.Os genes candidatos para esta síndrome são diferentes de acordo com os diferentes grupos étnicos e incluem, principalmente, os genes envolvidos na distribuição de gordura corporal, a anatomia cranio faciale das vias aéreas e controle ventilatório.Nós descrevemos os fatores genéticos que influenciam a susceptibilidade a síndrome da apnéia do sono em crianças.

Protocolo alternativo para o tratamento da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono com aparelho intrabucal / Alternative protocol for treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with intraoral appliance

Introdução: a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) tornou-se um problema de saúde pública, sendo mais prevalente na população mundial do que outras doenças crônicas. A Ortodontia tem um papel importante em seu tratamento com a utilização dos aparelhos intrabucais (AIB) dinâmicos de avanço mandibular, principalmente em casos de SAOS de intensidade leve a moderada. Existem na literatura protocolos de tratamento, no quais a cooperação do paciente para realizar a ativação do AIB é fundamental para o sucesso e evolução do caso. Métodos: foi usado um protocolo de atendimento alternativo para um paciente adulto, do sexo feminino, com índice de apneia/hipopneia (IAH) de 12 episódios por hora, associado a ronco intenso, índice de massa corporal de 27,4 kg/m2 e quadro de hipertensão arterial. Foi realizada uma abordagem terapêutica integrada envolvendo a Otorrinolaringologia, a Ortodontia e a Fonoaudiologia, de forma que a ativação do avanço mandibular do AIB foi controlada mensalmente pelo ortodontista. Resultados: redução significativa do ronco, diminuição da frequência cardíaca (sono REM 61 para 47,3 e NREM 51 para 42,7), atenuando o AIH para 2 episódios por hora em um período de 6 meses. Conclusão: o protocolo proposto nesse artigo mostrou-se eficaz ao tratar um paciente com SAOS de intensidade leve, com o mínimo de avanço mandibular em um curto período de tempo, apresentando estabilidade oclusal, clinicamente observada após um ano de acompanhamento.

Distúrbios respiratórios do sono / Sleep disordered breathing

Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRSs) são frequentes e incluem um grupo heterogêneo de alterações caracterizadas por pausas anormais da respiração durante o sono. Os indivíduos com síndrome da apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) geralmente não estão conscientes desse problema e ficam sem diagnóstico ou tratamento, apesar das graves consequências que essa alteração pode causar. O diagnóstico da SAHOS compreende o uso de questionários, exame físico e polissonografia. As opções terapêuticas incluem mudanças no estilo de vida, pressão positiva na via aérea, cirurgia e aparelhos bucais.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is frequent and encompasses a heterogeneous group of sleep-related disorders that are characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing during sleep. Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are often unaware of their sleep disorder and remain undiagnosed and untreated, despite the fact that this can have severe consequences. The diagnosis of OSAS involves use of screening questionnaires, physical exam and an overnight polysomnography. Treatment options include changes in lifestyle, positive airway pressure, surgery, and dental appliances.

Consecuencias neurocognitivas de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño / Neurocognitive consequences of sleep breathing disorder

Sleep disordered breathing affect almost 10 percent of the pediatric population. There is consistent evidence that supports an association between sleep disordered breathing and neurocognitive consequences like hyperactivity, poor school performance, aggressiveness, and somnolence. There is also a dose-effect and molecular relationship between this variables that may lead to irreversible damage of the developing nervous system. Not only obstructive sleep apnea may have neurocognitive consequences, primary snorers may also show this adverse development. Early detection and treatment may stop the progression of long-term neurocognitive consequences.

Los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) afectan aproximadamente al 10 por ciento de la población pediátrica. Existe evidencia considerable que sustenta una asociación causal entre los TRS y efectos neurocognitivos en niños como hiperactividad, mal rendimiento escolar, agresividad y somnolencia. Existe asociación de tipo dosis-efecto y molecular que demostraría un posible daño irreparable a zonas susceptibles del cerebro en desarrollo; no tan sólo el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, sino también los roncadores primarios pueden tener consecuencias neurocognitivos. Una detección precoz y tratamiento oportuno de los TRS pudiera detener la progresión de las consecuencias neurocognitivas a largo plazo.

Ronco e apneia do sono: apresentação de novo dispositivo intra-oral e protocolo de tratamento / Snoring and sleep apnea: presentation of a new oral device and treatment protocol

O ronco e a apneia do sono vêm despertando a atenção da área da saúde graças às inúmeras comorbidades associadas, além de problemas sociais, comportamentais e socioeconômicos. Cada vez mais, esta área da odontologia vem necessitando de cirurgiões-dentistas capacitados e que se adéquem as necessidades da odontologia do sono para o correto manejo, compreensão e tratamento destas doenças. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um novo dispositivo intraoral simples e altamente eficiente para o tratamento do ronco e da apneia obstrutiva do sono e suas variações (hipopneia e a síndrome da resistência das vias aéreas superiores), além de um protocolo seguro para o seu manejo. Este aparelho apresenta algumas vantagens sobre seus antecessores, sendo confortável para os pacientes e simples de instalar e operar pelos profissionais, com sistema de avanço fácil e mensurável além de ter um protocolo objetivo e claro, sem por em risco o paciente e deixando os dentistas seguros para trabalhar com a Odontologia do Sono.

Snoring and sleep apnea have been drawing interest from the health sector due to numerous associated comorbidities, as well as to the social, behavioral and economic problems they cause. This new area in dentistry increasingly demands dental surgeons to be skilled in sleep dentistry so that they can handle, understand and treat these diseases correctly. The objective of this article is to present a new, simple and highly efficient intraoral device for treating snoring and obstructive sleep apnea and its variations (hypopnea and upper airway resistance syndrome), and a protocol for handling it properly. This device has some advantages over its predecessors: it is comfortable for the patient, easy to assemble and handle by professionals and has an easy and measurable advance system. It also has a clear and objective protocol that does not put the patient at risk, allowing dental surgeons to treat these conditions confidently.

Critérios diagnósticos e tratamento dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono: RERA / Diagnostic criteria and treatment for sleep-disordered breathing: RERA

Na polissonografia, RERA é definido como um parâmetro respiratório que indica um despertar associado a um evento respiratório e um aumento do esforço respiratório. Inicialmente, RERA foi descrito com o uso da manometria esofágica utilizada para avaliação do esforço respiratório. Esse maior esforço respiratório ocorre como resposta a um aumento da resistência da via aérea superior, aspecto presente na fisiopatologia dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono, entre esses, SAOS e SRVAS. Posteriormente, o uso de cânula de pressão nasal foi relatado como uma maneira confiável e mais sensível que o termistor para a identificação de eventos de redução do fluxo aéreo e também como um substituto da manometria esofágica para a identificação de períodos de aumento da resistência na via aérea superior. Consequentemente, a American Academy of Sleep Medicine recomenda o uso de um dos métodos para a identificação de RERA, que é definido por um padrão de achatamento da curva inspiratória, característico da limitação ao fluxo aéreo. Embora RERA seja identificado e avaliado na pratica médica, sua padronização ainda é necessária. Portanto, recomenda-se que os laudos de polissonografia indiquem quais eventos respiratórios anormais foram considerados na avaliação do grau de gravidade do distúrbio respiratório.

In polysomnography, RERA is defined as a respiratory parameter that indicates an arousal associated with a respiratory event and an increase in respiratory effort. Initially, RERA was described by means of esophageal manometry for the evaluation of respiratory effort. This greater respiratory effort occurs as a response to an increase in upper airway resistance, which is a factor present in the pathophysiology of sleep-disordered breathing, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and upper airway resistance syndrome. Later, the use of a nasal pressure cannula was reported to be a reliable means of identifying airflow limitation and one that is more sensitive than is a thermistor. In addition, the nasal pressure cannula method has been used as a surrogate for esophageal manometry in the identification of periods in which upper airway resistance increases. Consequently, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommend the use of either method for the identification of RERA, which is defined by the flattening of the inspiratory curve, characteristic of airflow limitation. Although RERA has been identified and evaluated in current medical practice, it has yet to be standardized. Therefore, it is recommended that polysomnographic reports indicate which abnormal respiratory events were taken into consideration in the evaluation of the severity of sleep-disordered breathing.

Características de acceso al tratamiento con presión positiva en el síndrome de apneas del sueño y su relación con el cumplimiento y el abandono en un hospital de comunidad / Characteristics of access to treatment with positive pressure in the sleep apnea syndrome and its relationship to compliance and neglect in a community hospital

Objetivos: Describir las características de acceso al tratamiento con presión positiva y su cumplimiento en el síndrome de apneas del sueño (SAHOS), en un hospital de comunidad. Métodos: Datos obtenidos por encuesta telefónica a pacientes derivados para tratamiento en el período de dos años. Se interrogó acerca de: cobertura de salud, provisión, compra o alquiler de equipos, tipos, abandono y motivos del mismo. Resultados: Desde julio de 2006 a julio de 2008 se indicó tratamiento con presión positiva en la vía aérea superior a 58 pacientes con SAHOS severo o moderado. Fue posible encuestar a 54. Todos tuvieron cobertura de salud (13 obras sociales y 7 empresas de medicina prepaga). El 25 por ciento (14/54 pacientes) habían abandonado al momento de ser encuestados. El 51.8 por ciento (n=28) compró el equipo (refiriendo falta de cobertura por la empresa de salud) y en el 13 por ciento (n=7) el financiador cubrió el 50 por ciento. En el 18.5 por ciento de los pacientes (n=10) la cobertura entregó el equipo en comodato (todos correspondieron a obras sociales y ninguno a empresa de medicina prepaga), y 5 pacientes continuaban usando equipos en alquiler permanente. De aquellos que compraron el equipoo lo obtuvieron en comodato (n=38), 4 (10 por ciento) abandonaron, comparados con los 11 pacientes que lo hicieron mientras alquilaban, y con el 25 por ciento de abandono global. Conclusiones: El grupo equipo propio, por compra o comodato mostró menor abandono (p= 0.0001). La cobertura fue diferente para obras sociales que para empresas demedicina prepaga, y la tasa mas alta de abandono se presentó durante el alquiler del equipo (78 por ciento).

Objective: To determine the impact of factors which hamper the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a private hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective telephonic survey of adults referred for treatment of OSA during a two year period. The questionnaire included data about health insurance system, type and methods of acquisition (purchase or rental) of the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) equipment, compliance with treatment and reasons for abandonment if it occurred. Results: From July 2006 to July 2008, treatment with CPAP was prescribed to 58 patients with severe or moderate OSA; 54 of them could be interviewed. All of them had healthinsurance coverage (with 13 labor union dependent systems and 7 different private health insurance systems). Twenty-five percent of the patients (n=14) had abandoned treatmentat the moment of being interviewed; 51.8 percent of the patients (n=28) had purchased the CPAP equipment (because it was not included in their health insurance coverage) and 13 percent (n=7) had paid 50 percent of the cost of the equipment. In 18.5 percent of patients (n=10) the health insurance system delivered the equipment as a loan (only labor union dependent systems) and 5 patients rented the CPAP equipment in a permanent way at their own cost. Among the patients who had purchased the equipment or obtained it as a loan(n=38), 4 patients abandoned treatment (10 percent) vs 11 patients (78 percent) in the group who had rented it (p= 0.0001).Conclusions: The patients who had paid for their own equipment or had received it as a loan had a significantly lower rate of abandonment . The benefit of the provision of the CPAP equipment differs between private and labor union health insurance systems. Renting the CPAP equipment results in the highest rates of abandonment of treatment.

Nocturnal hypoventilation – identifying & treating syndromes.

Nocturnal hypoventilation is a common feature of disorders affecting the function of the diaphragm or central respiratory drive mechanisms. The ensuing change in gas exchange is initially confined to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but over time buffering of the raised carbon dioxide produces a secondary depression of respiratory drive that will further reduce ventilation not only during sleep but eventually during wakefulness as well. Failure to identify and treat nocturnal hypoventilation results in impairments in daytime function, quality of life and premature mortality. While some simple daytime tests of respiratory function can identify at risk individuals, these cannot predict the nature or severity of any sleep disordered breathing present. Nocturnal monitoring of gas exchange with or without full polysomnography is the only way to comprehensively assess this disorder, especially in the early stages of its evolution. Non invasive ventilation used during sleep is the most appropriate approach to reverse the consequences of nocturnal hypoventilation, although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be effective in those individuals where a significant degree of upper airway obstruction is present. When appropriately selected patients use therapy on a regular basis, significant improvements in quality of life, exercise capacity and survival can be achieved, irrespective of the underlying disease process.

Diagnosis of sleep apnoea: some critical issues.

Rather than describing a method for determining which patients should be labelled as having a disease, sleep apnoea, this review describes assessment as a process for deciding whom to investigate, what degree of sleep apnoea they have, how important their symptoms are, whether symptoms are likely attributable to sleep apnoea, and what sort of treatment to offer, if any. Beginning with identifying patients at risk and use of clinical prediction rules, the review covers (i) measurement and implications of the apnoeahypopnoea index; (ii) distinguishing central from obstructive apnoeas; (iii) significance of associated periodic limb movements; (iv) the controversy about the use of portable monitors instead of laboratory polysomnography; (v) evaluation of symptoms associated with sleep apnoea; and (vi) the important role of trials of treatment.

effect of CPAP treatment on sleep fragmentation

Traditional therapy for obstructive sleep apnea includes nightly use of continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] and it has been the most common form of therapy for sleep apnea since 198L In this study, we aimed to show that sleep stage percentage alteration is an indication of the severity of the disease and, impairment of the sleep stage percentage can be restored by CPAP treatment. In our sleep laboratory we evaluated 63 obstructive sleep apnea patients, 14 women and 49 men, during a one-year period. Of these patients the youngest was 15 and the oldest was 71 years old and the mean of age was 44. Of these 33 had Respiratory Disturbance Index [RDI] greater than 20 and were administered CPAP therapy. We compared some sleep parameters of these patients with and without CPAP treatment. These sleep parameters were: sleep stage percentage alteration, obstructive apnea count, the longest apnea duration, mean apnea duration and RDI. We found that obstructive apnea count is 133.06 before CPAP treatment and 26.43 with CPAP treatment. The longest apnea duration was measured as 64.87 seconds before CPAP treatment and 30.20 seconds with CPAP treatment. We measured the mean apnea duration as 19.83 seconds before CPAP treatment and 17.76 seconds with CPAP treatment. We also measured the RDI as 55.65 before CPAP and 16.04 with CPAP treatment. According to our data, CPAP treatment corrects REM sleep percentage effectively although it does not correct completely. Our data also shows that obstructive apnea count and its reflection, RDI, were reduced significantly by CPAP treatment. In summary, our data confirm that CPAP therapy is effective in obstructive apnea patients by means of RDI reduction and sleep stage percentage correction

Titulación domiciliaria de CPAP en el síndrome de apnea del sueño: ¿una, 3 ó 7 noches? / Home auto-titrating positive airway (APAP) for sleep apnea syndrome: one, three or seven nights?

Los equipos automáticos de CPAP (APAP) permiten establecer la presión eficaz de tratamiento en pacientes con apnea del sueño, sin la necesidad de supervisión y con un menor costo que las titulaciones realizadas bajo control polisomnográfico. Entre estos, el Autoset (ResMed) modifica la presión entregada en base a la presencia de apneas y limitación al flujo inspiratorio. Pacientes con síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño (SAHS) fueron estudiados con este equipo durante 1 semana, luego de un período de al menos 60 días de uso de CPAP con una presión arbitraria entre 8 y 9 cmH2O. Comparamos el valor de presión obtenido en 1, 3 y 7 noches de titulación. Se estableció un cumplimiento mínimo aceptable de 6 noches y un nivel de fuga promedio < 0.4 l/seg. Ingresaron al estudio 24 pacientes de los cuales se excluyeron 2 (uno por fuga elevada, otro por usarlo < 6 noches). Los 22 pacientes estudiados (3 mujeres): edad 61±11 años, IMC 32.2±5 kg/m2, circunferencia de cuello 44.5±4.7cm, IAH 45±20/h (n=18), Indice de desaturación de 4% 36±12/h (n=4). El APAP fue usado por 16 pacientes las 7 noches. El tiempo de uso promedio en 1 vs. 3 vs. 7 noches fue de 7.1±1.2 vs. 7.0±0.9 vs. 6.7±1.1 h/noche (p<0.05 al comparar 1 y 3 vs. 7 noches). La presión eficaz para abolir los eventos obstructivos durante el 95% del trazado (P95) fue de 9.6±2.6 vs. 9.9±2.3 vs. 9.8±2.3 cmH2O (p NS). Analizando en cada paciente las P95 obtenidas en los distintos períodos estudiados, encontramos diferencias menor o - =1 cmH2O en 6 pacientes entre la primera y el promedio de 7 noches (p<0.05), y en 1 paciente comparando 3 y 7 noches (p NS). Conclusión: El registro de 3 noches mostró resultados similares a los obtenidos con 7 noches de autotitulación. Por el contrario, una sola noche resultó insuficiente debido a significativa variabilidad.

Automatic devices for auto-titrating positive airway pressure (APAP) enable to estimate the effective pressure level of treatment in patients with sleep apnea, without supervision by a technician and at a lower cost than attended polysomnography titration. One of these devices, Autoset (ResMed), modifies the delivered pressure based on the presence of apneas and inspiratory flow limitation. Patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome were studied with this device during a week, after more than 60 days of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with anarbitrary pressure between 8 and 9 cm H20. The study compared the pressure level measured in 1, 3 and 7 nights. The recordings were considered acceptable if at least 6 nights were included, and the mean leak was less than 0.4 l/second. Twenty four patients were recruited for the study; 2 were excluded (one by high leak level, and another by using the equipment < 6 nights). The 22 patients included in the analysis were 3 females and 19 males: age 61 ±11 years, BMI 32.2 ±5 kg/m2, neck circumference 44.5 ±4.7cm, Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) 45 ±20/h (n=18), oxygen desaturation index of 4% 36 ±12/h (n=4). The APAP was used across 7 nights by 16 patients. Mean time of use in 1 versus 3 versus 7 nights was respectively 7.1 ±1.2, 7.0 ±0.9 and 6.7 ±1.1 h/night (p < 0.05 comparing 1 and 3 versus 7 nights). Effective pressure to abolish obstructive events during 95% of the registered time (P95) was respectively 9.6 ±2.6, 9.9 ±2.3 and 9.8 ±2.3 cm water (pNS). Analyzing the individual P95 in the different periods, there was a difference of - > 1cm H20 in 6 patients between the first night and the mean of 7 nights (p < 0.05); in 1 patient this difference was observed comparing 3 and 7 nights (p NS). Conclusion: The registers of autotitrating during 3 nights and 7 nights were similar. On the other hand the observation of only one night was insufficient because of significant variability.

Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea

El Síndrome de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAOS) constituye en la actualidad una entidad muy frecuente, con importantes potenciales implicancias médicas para los pacientes que la presentan. Se asocia a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cerebro y cardiovasculares, a alteraciones cognitivas y a una alta tasa de accidentes de tránsito. Se caracteriza clínicamente por una perturbación del patrón respiratorio del sueño, incluyendo a las Apneas Obstructivas propiamente tal, a las Hipoapneas y a los Esfuerzos Respiratorios asociados a microdespertares o arousals (RERas). Sus implicancias médicas negativas se asocian a la presencia de Hipoxemia nocturna recurrente y la activación del Sistema Nervioso Simpático, los cuales se presentan todas las noches, por muchos meses y/o años (1). La revisión de las características clínicas de SAOS, su epidemiología, sus factores de riesgo, los mecanismos fisiopatológico simplicados y sus alternativas terapéuticas se analizarán en detalle en el presente artículo, de manera que esta patología pueda ser diagnosticada precozmente y tratada oportunamente.

Syndrome of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSAS) is actually a very common entity, with significant potential implications for medical patients that presented. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, a cognitive disorders and a high rate of traffic accidents. It is characterized clinically by a disturbance of sleep breathing pattern, including the obstructive apnea it self, at Hipoapneas and respiratory effort associated with arousals (RERas). Its negative health implications associated with the presence of repetitive hypoxia and the activation of sympathetic activity, which are presented every night for many months and / or years. The review of the clinical features of OSAS, its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiologic mechanisms involved and their therapeutic alternatives will be discussed in detail in this article, so that this disease can be diagnosed early and treated timely.

Impacto de los trastornos del sueño en la salud de las personas: insomnio y síndrome de apnea del sueño / Impact of sleep disorders in the people's health: insomnia and sleep apnea syndrome

El sueño constituye un estado dinámico que busca ofrecemos descanso y reparación. El insomnio y las apneas del sueño, perturban el sueño generando importantes consecuencias. El insomnio conduce no sólo a disminución del alerta, la productividad laboral e incremento del riesgo de enfermar, sino también se relaciona con comorbilidades como depresión. El costo económico del ausentismo laboral, mayor tasa de enfermedades, menor rendimiento y accidentes es de billones de dólares al año en los Estados Unidos. En el caso de apneas del sueño, hay un mayor riesgo de enfermedad coronaria, insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva y accidente cerebrovascular. Los mecanismos intermediarios incluyen la, activación simpática. El tratamiento con CPAP reduce la presión arterial y mejora la función ventricular, lo que apoya la relación apnea y enfermedad cardiovascular. Son necesarios estudios sistemáticos para explicar otras relaciones complejas entre apnea del sueño y enfermedad vascular, las que pueden verse agravadas por el síndrome metabólico.

Sleep is a dynamic state aimed at offering rest and repair. insomnia and sleep apneas disrupt sleep generating significant consequences. Insomnia leads not only to decreased alertness, labor productivity, and increased risk of becoming ill, but is also related to comorbidities such as depression. The economic cost of absenteeism, ín addition to higher illness rate, accidents and reduced performance amaunts to billions of dallars a year in the United States. Individuals with severe sleep apnea are at increased risk far coronary disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. Several intermediar y mechanisms might be in volved including sympathetic activation. Linkage between obstructive apnea and cardiovascular disease is corroborated by evidence that treatment with CPAP reduces systolic blood pressure and improves left ventricular systalic function. Several systematic studies are necessary to explicate complex assaciations between sleep apnea and vascular disease, which may be compounded by the metabolic syndrome.